Курсова робота ” Grammatical transformations in translation “

CONTENT

 

INTRODUCTION

SECTION 1. The concept of grammatical transformations in the translation process 

1.1 The essence of translation and grammatical transformation 

1.2 Reasons for using grammatical transformations 

1.3 Classifications of grammatical transformations 

SECTION 2. Analysis of grammatical transformations of translation on the example of scientific and technical literature 

2.1. Grammatical problems of translation of scientific and technical literature 

2.2. Grammatical transformations in the translation of scientific and technical literature 

Conclusions

References

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Among the many complex problems studied by modern linguistics, an important place is occupied by the study of the linguistic aspects of interlingual speech activity, which is called “translation” or “translation activity”.

Scholars from all over the world have repeatedly studied various aspects of translation, but grammatical features have been studied in detail, which determines the relevance of this work. After all, grammar reveals the deepest connections compared to elements of other levels of language structure, most fully reflects the specifics of language, and the loss of grammatical features of the reproduced text due to translation in many cases leads to changes in the original and leveling the author’s style.

To prevent such negative phenomena, scientists have identified the necessary grammatical transformations, which are investigated in this paper. In turn, conducting a comparative analysis.

The relevance of the proposed work is determined by the general direction of linguistic research to study the specifics of translation scientific and technical literature as well as certain terms. The relevance of the research topic is also enhanced by the fact that in due to the rapid development of scientific and technical literature adequate translation of these terms is an important component translation practice. The proposed work provides an opportunity to find out and highlight a number of topical issues related to the category of scientific and technical literature, starting with the problem of defining the term, its classification, structural and semantic features, etc.

Linguists’ interest in the problem of translation transformations and their coverage is already traditional in the course of translation theory and practice. Linguists such as L. Barkhudarov, V. Komissarov, I. Korunets, V. Karaban, and others have devoted their work to the study of translation transformations [9]. Scientists L. Naumenko and A. Gordeeva provided classification and definition of all types of transformations. But the question of the justification of the use of transformations in the translation of works of fiction remains in the field of view of modern linguists.

This work is devoted to a comparative analysis of the application of grammatical transformations in Ukrainian translations of English texts.

The object of research is the texts of the original and translations

The subject of research is grammatical transformations.

The purpose of scientific research is to analyze the application of grammatical transformations in Ukrainian translations of scientific and technical literature, their comparative analysis, and justification.

The practical significance of this work is that the results obtained on the application of grammatical transformations prove the justification of their use for other translations in the future. Also the possibility of using research material in translation practice courses, English language teaching, as well as in writing term papers and final qualifying theses.

The material of the research was scientific and technical texts of the media in English.

Research methods are determined by the goals and objectives of the work, as well as the specifics of the research material. Research methods are general methods of observation, analysis and synthesis, linguistic descriptive method, deduction method.

The work consists of an introduction, two sections with conclusions to each of them and a general conclusion.

The introduction defines the relevance of the topic, purpose, objectives, object, subject, research methods, practical significance.

Section I discusses the main approaches to translation and grammatical transformation; reasons for using grammatical transformations and their classification.

Section II provides an analysis of the translation transformations used in the translation of English scientific and technical literature into Ukrainian.

The conclusions provide a summary of the study.

 

SECTION 1. The concept of grammatical transformations in the translation process

1.1 The essence of translation and grammatical transformation

 

Equivalence is the basis of translation theory. First of all, it concerns the equivalence of semantic features of a phrase in the original language, which explains the same phenomena in the same situation. Researcher Schweiger distinguishes between denotative and component semantic equivalence.

First of all, translators deal with meaningful forms, which are separate components and outline the basics in both texts: source and translation. Researchers call this action component equivalence.

Another type, denotative equivalence, is related to speech selectivity. The meaning of this technique is important because the object, like objective reality, is described in many ways. Using this method, translators have problems interpreting the target and source texts. Equivalence relationships in this situation can be based on a comparison of diverse but content-related elements.

Therefore, various kinds of exchanges and transformations are needed to form the corresponding semantic equivalence. For example, at the eighth level of equivalence by components, grammatical and structural transformations have been used that change the meaning of the expression. For degrees of equivalence in denotation, more complex transformations of vocabulary and grammar are used, which can cause a radical change in the semantics of the sentence [4].

The qualitative application of transformations in translation depends entirely on the purpose of their application. First of all, the translator must pay special attention to the preservation of grammar of expression and its derivative forms in future translation [12].

There can be no accidental things in qualitative translation because the language of each nation is specific and unique. Different languages, in qualitative analysis and research, may contain elements that cannot be found in other languages. To explain this discrepancy, researchers have introduced the term inequality [3].

Thus, terms, absolute and syntactic constructions, gerunds, and other types of words are recognized as non-equivalent components. However, the presence of inequality in the text should not frighten the translator, because as a rule, the preservation of the essence of the expression depends primarily on the lexical content. Lexical units, as a rule, always have grammatical correspondences in each language [39].

Theorists of translation studies point out that the existence of differences does not prevent the formation of equivalent connections in the source and target text and individual terms of translation. Solving this problem helps the so-called transformational translation, which involves the movement of non-equivalent components through grammar and is accompanied by lexical transformations [13].

Scientist RK Minyara-Belorucheva defines transformation as the basis of translation, which depends on the formal or semantic element. In the first category, he refers to lexical and grammatical transformations, in the second exclusively semantic. However, the researcher notes the need to preserve basic information [28].

Along with him, E.I. Retsker calls transformations, separate methods of logic that help us preserve the original meaning of the expression of language while searching for a counterpart in translation. Researcher Schweizer defines translational transformations as operations between languages, which consist of mutual transformation.

A.F. Arkhip understands the transformation of translation as its separate methods, according to which the variables of the respondents and individual expressions of the language of translation that appear when translating the text are used [7].

L.K. Latyshev, analyzing the equivalence of the influence of the regulation of the initial and target text, as well as the similarity of their structure and semantics, defines this process of transformation as a deviation between the structure and semantics of initial and target tests.

Currently, there are a large number of systems of translation transformations, but researchers have identified only three basic categories: lexical-grammatical, and lexical and grammatical transformations.

Accordingly, the scholar Komissarov tends to consider the replacement of grammatical units, a separate method of translation when the original unit receives a new grammatical meaning in the target text. In his view, it is possible to transform can lie on any level, and therefore without losing the meaning of the expression can be replaced by individual sentences or parts of speech. Replacement of the forms themselves is automatic and in most cases.

Sometimes grammatical transformations are defined not only as a process of replacement but also as a refusal to use certain grammatical forms inherent in the original text. In particular, according to Schweizer, substitution as a transformation should be defined as a formal transformation while leaving the original meanings of the expression [4].

As a result, it should be noted that grammatical substitutions are the basis for the transformation of the basic elements of the sentence during its translation following the standards of the source language. Transformations can occur, both in the general replacement of whole sentences, and partial, when only some of its components change. Thus, the transformation of the main members leads to a complete transformation, and second only to a limited one. At the same time, translation can only replace word types.

 

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