Курсова робота “Speech strategies for manipulating consciousness in pre-election discourse”

АНОТАЦІЯ

 

У курсовій роботі «Speech strategies for manipulating consciousness in pre-election discourse» описано явище дискурсу, здійснено комплексний аналіз усіх його сфер та аспектів, а саме: основних понять і термінів, семіотичного аспекту, природи феномену дискурс-аналізу, жанрів, основних активних стратегії та сучасних тактик політичного дискурсу, його ефективність у сучасному світі, процесу відстоювання точки зору в цьому процесі, його функцій, соціально-когнітивні особливості політичного дискурсу та політичних промов у сучасності.

У роботі йде мова про політичний дискурс, для якого характерне переважання масового адресата, оскільки виступи політичних діячів здебільшого відбуваються або перед великою аудиторією або за посередництва засобів масової інформації, в тому числі друкованих видань, соціальних та інших он-лайн видань тощо. Встановлено, що промова сучасного політика включає не лише вербалізацію тексту, але й ситуаційний контекст. Важливою характеристикою є також фактор емоційності виступу, певна потреба підтримувати певний образ та створювати позитивний політичний імідж.

Доведено, що найважливішими функціями політичного дискурсу є функції переконання та політичної пропаганди. У роботі йдеться, що інформаційна та роз’яснювальна функція політичного дискурсу проявляються, насамперед, у передачі інформації виборцям, у якій роз’яснюються ідеї передвиборної програми кандидата. Припущено, що завдання переконати виборців є успішним, коли кандидату в президенти вдається переконати виборців. Якщо виступ політика апелює до певних почуттів виборців, то, спонукаючи їх до певної дії, діє така функція, як заохочення, заклик до дії. Така функціє є дієвою та має прихований політичний зміст.

Проаналізовано, що серед основних соціальних інститутів виділяється саме політичний інститут, оскільки він характеризується певною сукупністю суспільних відносин, що виникають у зв’язку з формуванням таких інститутів: органи державної влади та місцевого самоврядування. Доведено у роботі, що досить важливою складовою політичного інституту є інститут виборів.

У роботі встановлено, що політики змінюють значення багатьох лексичних одиниць мови відповідно до власних інтересів. Мовна гра може будуватися на зміні семантики слова: народ і населення, народ і електорат. У кожній із двох пар слів «народ» змінює своє значення, водночас створюючи додаткове значення: позитивні конотації в першому випадку – «свідома частина населення» та «здатний не лише голосувати, але й мислити». , обираючи свідомо» – у другому.

У роботі розглянуто особливості сучасних політичних промов і встановлено, що у мові політичного дискурсу держава набуває як позитивного, так і негативного відтінку. У практичній частині роботи на прикладі виступів відомого політичного діяча Дональда Трампа розібрано маніпулятивні стратегії та тактики політичного дискурсу.

На основі досліджень роботи встановлено, що красномовство в сучасному політичному дискурсі можна розуміти по-різному: як класичне уміння говорити красиво, переконливо, вміння зацікавити людину своєю мовою, або ж просто вміння говорити ясно і переконливо, змушуючи людину повірити в щирість того, хто говорить. Доведено, що красномовність з елементом «краси» мови передбачає володіння структурною різноманітністю синтаксису, багатим словниковим запасом з розвиненими синонімічними та антонімічними зв’язками, різними стилістичними прийомами та іншими виражальними засобами. На прикладі мови Дональда Трампа встановлено, що політику важливо в першу чергу встановити ефективний контакт з слухачем та отримати довіру аудиторії. Красномовство у будь-якому випадку має значення, якщо присутній елемент простоти, розуміння та переконливості у тому, про що говорить доповідач. Лише бачучи по-справжньому впевнену людину, аудиторія буде йти на зустріч та підтримувати свого кандидата.

Ключові слова. Політичний дискурс, пропаганда, кандидат, красномовність, публічний виступ, політичний діяч.

 

SUMMARY

 

In the paper “Speech strategies for manipulating consciousness in pre-election discourse” the phenomenon of discourse is described, comprehensive analysis of all its spheres and aspects is carried out, namely: basic concepts and terms, semiotic aspect, the nature of the phenomenon of discourse analysis, genres, main active strategies and modern tactics of political discourse, its effectiveness in the modern world, the process of defending a point of view in this process, its functions, socio-cognitive features of political discourse and political speeches in modern times.

The work deals with political discourse, which is characterized by the predominance of a mass addressee, since the speeches of political figures mostly take place either in front of a large audience or through mass media, including printed publications, social and other online publications, etc. It is established that the speech of a modern politician includes not only the verbalization of the text, but also the situational context. An important characteristic is also the emotional factor of the performance, a certain need to maintain a certain image and create a positive political image.

It is proved that the most important functions of political discourse are the functions of persuasion and political propaganda. The paper states that the informative and explanatory function of political discourse is manifested, first of all, in the transmission of information to voters, which explains the ideas of the candidate’s pre-election program. It is assumed that the task of persuading the voters is successful when the presidential candidate succeeds in persuading the voters. If the politician’s speech appeals to certain feelings of the voters, then, prompting them to take a certain action, such a function as encouragement, a call to action, works. Such a function is effective and has a hidden political meaning.

It has been analyzed that among the main social institutions, the political institution stands out, since it is characterized by a certain set of social relations that arise in connection with the formation of such institutions: bodies of state power and local self-government. It is proved in the work that the institution of elections is a rather important component of a political institution.

The work established that politicians change the meaning of many lexical units of the language in accordance with their own interests. A language game can be based on a change in the semantics of a word: people and population, people and electorate. In each of the two pairs of words, “the people” changes its meaning, at the same time creating an additional meaning: positive connotations in the first case – “a conscious part of the population” and “capable not only of voting, but also of thinking”, choosing consciously – in the second.

The work examines the peculiarities of modern political speeches and establishes that the state acquires both a positive and a negative tone in the language of political discourse. In the practical part of the work, the manipulative strategies and tactics of political discourse are analyzed using the example of the speeches of the famous political figure Donald Trump.

Based on the research of the work, it was established that eloquence in modern political discourse can be understood in different ways: as the classical ability to speak beautifully, convincingly, the ability to interest a person in his language, or simply the ability to speak clearly and convincingly, forcing a person to believe in the sincerity of the speaker.

It has been proven that eloquence with the element of “beauty” of the language involves the possession of a structural variety of syntax, a rich vocabulary with developed synonymous and antonymic connections, various stylistic techniques and other means of expression. Using the example of Donald Trump’s speech, it was established that it is important for a politician to establish effective contact with the audience and gain the audience’s trust. Eloquence is important in any case, if there is an element of simplicity, understanding and persuasiveness in what the speaker is talking about. Only by seeing a truly confident person will the audience go to the meeting and support their candidate.

Key words. Political discourse, propaganda, candidate, eloquence, public speaking, political figure.

 

 

CONTENT

 

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE

1.1. Genres of political discourse

1.2. Pre-election discourse as a special genre of political discourse

1.3. Main strategies and tactics of political discourse

1.4. Elements of manipulation and other features of political speeches these days

CHAPTER 2. FEATURES OF MANIPULATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF DONALD TRUMP’S SPEECHES

2.1. Manipulative technologies of verbal influence in politics

2.2. Manipulative influence in Donald Trump’s speeches. Means of strengthening speech manipulation

2.3. The process of word formation and examples of neologisms in Donald Trump’speeches

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

 

 INTRODUCTION

 

Relevance of work. Such a phenomenon as political discourse has attracted the close attention of many scientists, researchers and linguists for hundreds of years. Among them, we can mention the most famous: E. I. Sheygal, Yu. A. Sorokin, I.F. Uhvanovoa-Shmygova, M.M. Bakhtin, B.S. Karimov, A.K. Mikhalskyi, T. M. Udilov, R. Jacobson, K. Buhler and many, many others.

Deep research and multifaceted study of all possible features of this phenomenon continue from the very first use of the mentioned term in the language, and up to the present time.

The purpose of the coursework is to highlight and conduct a detailed analytical description of such a phenomenon as manipulative influence in political discourse. In addition, the definition of all its main components, namely functions, strategies, genres, and the study of political discourse as one of the most important types of discourse.

In accordance with the goal set in the work, it is necessary to solve the following main tasks:

– summarize and systematize the theoretical aspect of this problem;

– consider and characterize the lexical and stylistic features of manipulative strategies and tactics of political discourse on the example of the speeches of the political figure Donald Trump;

– find out all the main features of the use of certain linguistic and semantic means by studying a certain speech.

The object of research in the master’s work is such a phenomenon as political discourse.

The subject of the study is manipulative strategies and tactics from the most famous campaign speeches of the outstanding politician and brilliant orator Donald Trump.

The research of such scientists and linguists as E.I. Sheigal, Yu.A. Sorokina, I.F. Ukhvanova Shmygova, M.M. Bakhtin, B.S. Karimova, A.K. Mikhalska, etc.

The methodological basis of the coursework is such methods as the method of content analysis, discursive analysis and the method of comparative analysis.

The theoretical significance of the coursework is that such a global phenomenon as political discourse is the object of interest of millions of researchers and linguists, and besides, for hundreds of years of research, this phenomenon still does not have a clear, detailed definition and, thus, needs mandatory additional study.

The practical value of this work is that political rhetoric, as the art of speaking before a wide audience, and as an integral part of political discourse, is significantly developed in English-speaking countries. Therefore, the study of lexical and stylistic features of the public speeches of the American politician and exemplary orator Donald Trump, and the study of his language image continues to be and will be a relevant direction in English philology. Given the nature of this research, which uses knowledge both from the field of linguistic science and political science, the results of the conducted research can have practical value for the widest range of specialists: linguists, political scientists, speech writers, public relations managers, etc.

Coursework structure. The course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions and references.

 

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE

1.1. Genres of political discourse

 

In modern science, discourse is understood as a complex phenomenon consisting of communication participants, the communication situation, and the text itself. In other words, discourse is an abstract invariant description of structural-semantic features implemented in specific texts. The ideal to strive for in the process of communication is the maximum possible correspondence between discourse as an abstract system of rules and discourse (or text) as a concrete verbal embodiment of these rules. In the light of the theory of linguistic activity, two aspects of discourse creation or generation (thinking, planning, speaking, writing) and discourse understanding (listening, perceiving written text, analysis, interpretation) are distinguished.

Discourse refers to the special use of language to express a special mentality, as well as a special ideology. This causes the activation of some parameters of the language and, ultimately, requires a special grammar and special vocabulary rules. All this language material can also be called discourse [7, p.80]. The problem of distinguishing concepts in linguistic science remains open. There is no single definition of discourse. E. Benvenist differentiated these concepts for the first time. He calls text an impersonal objectivist story, and discourse a living language, which involves communicative contact between the speaker and the listener.

In the research of the Dutch linguist T.A. van Dijk, discourse is understood as a complex unity of linguistic form, meaning and action, which could be best characterized by means of a communicative event or a communicative act. According to his theory, discourse cannot be limited by the framework of a specific linguistic expression, since it is a complex communicative phenomenon that includes the social context, which gives an idea of ​​both the participants of communication (and their characteristics), and the processes of production and perception of messages [10 , with. 69].

According to the scientist V.I. Karasyka discourse (“is a phenomenon of an intermediate order between speech, communication, language behavior, on the one hand, and is fixed by the text remaining in the “dry residue” of communication, on the other hand [11, p. 102]. F.S. Bacevich defines discourse as “a type of communicative activity, an interactive phenomenon, a language flow that is implemented within a specific communication channel, regulated by the strategies and tactics of the participants” [1, p. 111].

Not only linguists, but also political scientists, sociologists, and philosophers are engaged in studying the specifics of political discourse. The questions of the study of political discourse lie in the plane of a specific field of linguistics, which arose at the junction of linguistics proper and the political science of political linguistics. This branch of science focuses its attention on the study of linguistic means used in the field of political communication, manipulative influence on public consciousness in the process of struggle for power. Research in this field helps to better understand the political processes taking place in the modern world, learns to see the true meaning of the speeches of political leaders and the methods used by them to manipulate public consciousness.

The study of the phenomenon of political discourse in modern research is implemented in three aspects: sociolinguistic, pragmatic and cognitive, within which it reflects the entire complex of relationships between man and society, models cultural values ​​in language groups, language strategies of the speaker, forms social order and a conceptual picture of the world .

Identifying the connection between thinking and behavior of political communication participants is one of the most important factors in building prognostic models for political scientists and political technologists. In this regard, the study of the theoretical foundations of manipulation using linguistic means has practical value, since political technologies are designed to exert a manipulative influence on the consciousness of the voter, and the trend of democratization of public life encourages the individual to free his own consciousness from imposed stereotypes of behavior and thinking.

There is no single generally accepted interpretation of political discourse. Yes, Jensen J.V, calls political discourse “any language education, the content of which falls under the sphere of politics” [39, p.22]. V.E. Kuntsevich understands political discourse as “a set of discursive practices that identify the participants of political discourse as such, or form a specific topic of political communication” [14, p.57]. F.S. Bachevich notes that political discourse is characterized by a focus on the future context. The advantage of this context is due to the fact that theses addressed to the future are difficult to deny, impossible to verify at present. The researcher notes that the key in political discourse is the image of the enemy, who is always to blame for the fact that the situation is not as planned [1, p.25].

In the work of T.I. Nikishin presented a classification of varieties of political discourse [25, c.205]:

1. institutional (in the framework of political communication, only texts created by politicians or for politicians are used);
2. mass media (texts created by journalists and distributed using the press, television, radio, Internet);
3. official-business (texts intended for employees of the state apparatus);
4. texts created by “ordinary citizens” who, while not being professional politicians or journalists (letters and appeals addressed to politicians or state institutions, letters to mass media);
5. texts of scientific communication devoted to politics [25, p. 163].

The complexity and multidimensionality of political discourse does not always make it possible to clearly distinguish these types, because in the process of real communication, their intersection is possible. The communicative goal of political discourse participants is the manipulation of consciousness on the one hand (politician), and the need to recognize true intentions on the other hand (voter). A politician sees a certain linguistic influence as the goal of his address to the voter, and this goal is the main criterion for the selection of linguistic units.

 

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