Реферат ” Essay “

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

І. The specifics of the genre of essays

ІІ. Requirements for writing an essay

III. General rules and recommendations for writing an essay

IV. Types, structure and plan of the essay

V. Style of presentation

 

INTRODUCTION

 

          Essay (fr. Essai “attempt, trial, essay”, from the Latin exagium “weighing”) – a literary genre of prose work of small volume and free composition.

          The essay expresses the individual impressions and considerations of the author on a particular subject or subject and does not claim to be an exhaustive interpretation. In terms of volume and function, it borders, on the one hand, with a scientific article and a literary essay (with which essays are often confused), on the other hand, with a philosophical treatise. Essay style is characterized by imagery, mobility of associations, often antitype of thinking, focusing on intimate openness and conversational intonation. Some theorists consider it the fourth, along with epic, poetry and drama, a genre of fiction.

          The linguistic construction of the essay is a dynamic alternation of polemical expressions, questions, installation on colloquial intonation and vocabulary.

Essay as a genre of work actively invades the life of the student. The essay is offered as a qualifying work, not only where the visual field – literature and n language, but also history, foreign languages. For a competent, interesting essay it is necessary to follow some rules and recommendations.

In the foreground of the essay – the author’s personality, his thoughts, feelings, attitude to the world. This is the main setting of the work. However, we must remember that, despite the freedom of creativity, writing in the genre of essays is not easy, because you need to find an original idea (even on traditional material), a non-standard view of any problem.

          Imagery, paradoxicality, aphorism – these are the main distinguishing features of the style of the essay. To convey personal perception, the development of peace, the author of the essay selects analogies; draws numerous examples; draws parallels; uses all sorts of associations.

          The essay is characterized by the use of numerous means of artistic expression (metaphors, allegorical and parable images, symbols, comparisons)

 

 І. The specifics of the genre of essays

 

1. The title of the essay is not directly dependent on the topic: in addition to reflecting the content of the work, it can be a starting point in the author’s thoughts, to express the relationship between part and whole.
2. The free composition of the essay is subject to its internal logic, and the main idea of ​​the essay should be sought in the “colorful lace” of the author’s thoughts. The problem will be considered from different angles.
3. If the work on a literary theme should be dominated by a rational combination of analysis of the work of art with their own considerations, then in the essay – a clear author’s position.
4. If in a traditional work the individual features of the style and language of the author of the works are welcomed, then in the essay the individual author’s style is a requirement of the genre.

Analyzing foreign and domestic experience in the use of essays, we can talk about four possible forms of its use, namely:

1) essay – independent creative work on a topic proposed by the teacher or a list of topics for independent choice by students (performed as homework, extracurricular work);

2) essay – a 30-minute test (or independent) work on the studied educational material and within the classroom;

3) essay – a 10-15-minute free work to consolidate and process new material (of course, written at the end of the lesson or at the end of the lesson, in terms of classroom activities);

4) essay – 5-10-minute free work to summarize the classroom and record the thoughts and conclusions formed in the class on the topic (most often the task is to write that students have learned on a new topic, or to form one question, which they and did not receive an answer).

 

 

ІІ. Requirements for writing an essay

 

The structure of the report:

– introduction statement of the problem in general and its connection with

– recent research and publications;

– problem statement (formulation of goals and methods of research of the topic under consideration);

– results (presentation of the main material of the study with justification of the obtained scientific results);

– conclusions (scientific novelty; theoretical and practical significance of the study);

– literature (list of used sources (at least 6 sources), to which there are references in the text).

 

III. General rules and recommendations for writing an essay

 

          The process of writing an essay can be represented as a chain, a sequence of certain elements, stages, processes. The following processes and elements are important for students. Summarizing, especially when reading, is a strategic intellectual skill, not a mechanical simplified presentation of the author’s opinion, position. By taking notes, the student selects the relevant material and develops his understanding of theoretical positions, empirical data, ie facts of this kind, which are either confirmed or refuted.

          When reading texts, the student makes notes and compares with each other, notes what will be useful in further work or is more interesting, meaningful from theoretical or empirical approaches. You can take notes by dividing the sheet of the notebook into two columns.

          In the left column, the student develops a synopsis of the material he is reading, and in the right column, at the same time or later, he compares the content of this synopsis with other facts he has read before, heard in lectures discussed informally, and with their own comments and critical remarks.

 

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