Реферат “Kostvantyn Ushinsky”

INTRODUCTION

 

Actuality of theme. Kostiantyn Dmytrovych Ushinskyi (1823-1871) was an educator, writer and thinker who is considered one of the founders of the pedagogical tradition. He made a significant contribution to the development of educational theory and practice in Russia, and his ideas continue to influence modern education. Ushinsky believed that education should be accessible to everyone and that it should be adapted to the needs of each student. He emphasized the importance of creating a positive learning environment that nurtured the whole child, including their physical, emotional and intellectual development. Ushinsky also believed that education should be practical and relevant to the real world, and he advocated the use of hands-on learning.

One of Ushinsky’s most important contributions to educational theory was his concept of “pedagogical tact,” which he defined as the ability to understand and respond to the individual needs of each student. Ushinsky believed that teachers should be sensitive to the unique personalities and experiences of their students and should use this knowledge to create a positive learning environment. Ushinsky’s ideas and contributions to education had a lasting impact on Russian pedagogy and continue to influence modern theory and practice. His emphasis on creating a positive learning environment that nurtures the whole child and his concept of “pedagogical tact” are still relevant and valuable to teachers today.

 

 MAIN PART

1. Life and creative path of Konstantin Dmytrovych Ushinskyi

 

A great national teacher, one of the founders of national pedagogical science and folk school in Russia, Konstantin Dmytrovych Ushinskyi was born on March 2, 1824 in the city of Tula, in the family of a small-scale nobleman.

His father, Dmytro Hryhorovych Ushinskyi, was in military service for many years, a veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812, retired as a lieutenant colonel due to his health and worked as an employee in various institutions. Mother — Lyubov Stepanivna Hulak-Kapnist, a Ukrainian, came from the family of the famous Ukrainian writer Vasyl Vasyliovych Kapnist, who was born and lived in the village of Obukhivka, Myrhorod District, Poltava Governorate. K. Ushinskyi spent his childhood and early youth in Ukraine, at his father’s place, in the Pokrovydyna tract, on the picturesque banks of the Desna River, near the city of Novgorod-Siversky, Chernihiv province.

Ukraine entered the mind, flesh, soul and heart of the future teacher. From the family, from nature, from neighbors – Ukrainians, Ukrainian children – peers, with whom he played, under the influence of Ukrainian folk pedagogy, together with the Ukrainian language, which he knew well and sincerely loved, he willingly communicated with it [3]. In this, of course, his mother played a primary role, who herself managed her son’s initial education, introduced him to the world of Ukrainianism, awakened in him curiosity, interest in reading, and instilled love for Ukraine. She died when the boy was 11 years old. He kept the warmest memories of her for the rest of his life, and although K. Ushinsky wrote his works in Russian, because the circumstances of his life were like that, and the Ukrainian language was under a strict royal ban, but he belongs to the galaxy of glorious Ukrainian teachers, belongs to Ukraine, with whom he was always connected by blood and spirit.

And in essence, he had the same thorny personal fate as Ukraine, suffering insults and arbitrariness from the tsarist satraps. In the conditions of the black reaction that prevailed in Russia at that time, his future activity became a real civic feat in the name of the will of Ukraine and all oppressed peoples. A solid foundation of knowledge and a respectful attitude to science gave K. Ushinsky studying at the Novgorod-Siversk gymnasium (the first gymnasium in Left Bank Ukraine), especially under the influence of the director of the gymnasium Professor Fitimkivskyi, a famous scientist, one of the founders of Kharkiv University.

In 1840 p. K. Ushinsky entered the Faculty of Law at Moscow University. But every summer, during the student holidays, he liked to come home to his family in Ukraine to recuperate. University friend Yu.S. Rekhnevsky describes the 17-year-old student Ushinsky as follows: “Already during the entrance exams and the first lectures at the university, we all paid attention to Ushinsky, who was then a very young man, almost a boy, with black expressive eyes, with an intelligent and extremely cute face, lively and whose lively speech, with a barely noticeable Little Russian accent, original and sharp judgments about university lectures, contemporary literary and theatrical phenomena and everything that was of interest to our university world, involuntarily aroused general sympathy, which is caused by an extraordinary young person.

In 1844, having brilliantly graduated from Moscow University, K. Ushinsky was left there for two years to prepare for professorship. From 1846 he worked as a professor at the Yaroslavl Law Lyceum, from where he was dismissed in 1849 for the democratic direction of his lectures. For a long time, Ushinsky was forced to serve as a government official in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, performing work that did not satisfy him either morally or materially [1].

In the summer of 1851, while on a business trip in the Chernihiv province, he married his childhood friend Nadiya Semenivna Doroshenko, who came from the famous Ukrainian family of the Doroshenkos and was the daughter of a Ukrainian nobleman, she owned the farm of Bogdanka in the Glukhiv district of the Chernihiv province (now the farm of Bogdanka Shostkinsky district of Sumy region), In 1854 p. K. Ushinsky got a job on the advice of a teacher, and then the inspector of the Gatchyn Orphanage Institute, where he significantly improved educational work. Since 1852, he collaborated in the pedagogical magazines “Journal for Education” and “Russian Pedagogic Herald”.

 

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