Курсова робота “Classification of phraseological units according to the degree of idiomaticity in English and Ukrainian”

CONTENT

 

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IDIOMATIC UNITS

1.1 The concept of idioms in modern linguistics

1.2 The concept of “idiom” and “idiomaticity”

1.3 Origin of idioms 

1.4 Types of translation, types, forms and methods of working with it 

CHAPTER II. CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS BY DEGREE OF IDIOMATICITY IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES

2.1 Phraseology of the Ukrainian language 

2.2 Means of translation of idiomatic and figurative expressions

2.3 Phraseologisms in modern English: definitions, approaches, classification 

2.4 Structural and semantic aspects of somatic idioms of the English language 

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The relevance of the study is that phraseological units by the degree of idiomaticity are considered on the basis of English and Ukrainian languages. All kinds of human activity have their own vocabulary, their own special terms, penetrating sometimes, especially in metaphorical usage, into literary language. Our language cannot adequately convey all the inexhaustible richness of life in its relationships, all thoughts and feelings; literary language, the word-formation possibilities of which are limited, is always ready to borrow a special term already in use, which can be given a broader meaning. Idioms, successful sayings created by people engaged in various spheres of activity and sports, being short, conversational and lively, such that reflect a tumultuous life, always find application in expressive language.

The system of phraseology of any language as a whole has its own national characteristics. What exactly is the difference between the system of phraseology of two or more languages, can be established only by their comparative study. It goes without saying that the deeper the genetic connection between the languages ​​being compared, the deeper this difference will be. And vice versa. The closer the language, the more similar features they will find in the field of phraseology.

Contrastive analysis of units of phraseology of related and unrelated languages ​​enriches the theory of phraseology not only quantitatively but also qualitatively, revealing the identity of each of the compared languages. A wide group of units of phraseology of modern English and Ukrainian languages ​​is united by the presence of a common component – the name of a person by profession in the field of manual labor.

Idioms have always attracted the attention of researchers, as phraseological language units are of great importance in any language system. However, new approaches in lexical research shed light on idiomatic expressions from different points of view. Idiomatic phrases are often found in magazines, newspapers, movies, are also widely used in everyday language and are an important part of cultural values. Different languages ​​have differences in the structure and content of idioms.

Idioms are a significant part of language and affect language potential, in addition, phraseology contributes to the enrichment and expansion of cultural heritage. Due to the metaphorical nature of the idiomatic construction, the language becomes colorful and conveys all the subtleties not only of the mentality, but also of the centuries-old heritage of the people, reflecting the human experience of understanding the world around us. The need for research is that there is currently a theoretical and practical need for the ratio of individual linguistic units among specific languages. Creating a regular functional and semantic identity between the units of two languages, necessary for translation and general functioning.

The object of research is the classification of phraseological units according to the degree of idiomaticity in English and Ukrainian.

The subject of research is phraseological units, means of figurative expressions and structural-semantic aspects of idiomaticity in English and Ukrainian.

The purpose of the study is to clarify the phraseological units by the degree of idiomaticity in English and Ukrainian.

To achieve this goal you must perform the following tasks:

1) Define the concepts, types, types, forms and methods of idyllicity;

2) Define phraseology in the Ukrainian language;

3) Analyze the means of translation of idiomatic and figurative expressions;

4) Identify phraseology in English;

5) Understand the structural and semantic aspects of idioms.

Structure and scope of course work. The course work consists of an introduction, two sections, conclusions, a list of sources used. In total, the work consists of 40 pages.

 

CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IDIOMATIC UNITS

1.1 The concept of idioms in modern linguistics

 

The term “idiom” comes from the ancient Greek word “ídiōma”, which means “feature, originality”. There are two main views on idiomatic units – the so-called “broad approach” and “narrow approach” to idioms. According to the latter, idioms are considered only such “stable phrases, the semantics of which are not derived from the meanings of its components, but are formally integrated by them; arises as a result of loss of motivational relations “[25, p.173].

In domestic linguistics for a long time there was a tradition to call idioms “phraseological mergers”, in the terminology of the famous Soviet linguist Acad. V.V. Vinogradov, who divided phraseological units into phraseological conjunctions (or idioms in the narrow sense), phraseological units and phraseological combinations. According to VV Vinogradov, phraseological merging is characterized by unmotivated composition of inversions (ie from the sum of the components of such phraseological units it is impossible to know the general meaning of the unit) and the absolute semantic unity of the components.

Among the phraseological splices are the following subtypes:

1) Phraseological conjunctions, which include the so-called “necrotic words” (lexical archaisms, historicisms and other tokens that have fallen out of use). For example, the English idiom “to buy a pig in a poke” to denote the unprofitable and unsuccessful purchase of something that has not been carefully considered in the first place (cf. the Ukrainian idiom “buy a cat in a bag”. The token a poke means “bag” and is archaic (modern synonym “sack”), which in modern English is used only in the above-mentioned idiomatic unit, that is, we see a case where the token continues to live much longer within the idiomatic phrase than in a free phrase or in isolation.

2) Phraseological merging, containing grammatical archaisms, which are syntactically indivisible whole. Seidl and W. McMordy note, in particular: “The way in which the words are put together is often odd, illogically or even grammatically incorrect” [6, p.4].

Yes, the idiom I am good friends with him is incorrect and illogical from the point of view of grammatical structure. The form I am good friend of his is possible, but it is not an idiomatic unit.

3) Phraseological conjunctions that have become indecomposable both lexically and semantically, for example:

• to be born with the silver spoon in one’s mouth;
• to go through thick and thin.

4) Phraseological merging, which is such a semantic unity that the lexical meanings of the components are completely unimportant for understanding the whole [5, p.144].

Examples of such units in English are:

• to bring the house down;
• to take it out on someone.

In many ways similar to the domestic understanding of the phenomenon of idiomatic unit is the definition of Seidl-McMurdy, who emphasize the differences between the semantics of idioms and the semantics of its components: “We can say that an idiom is a number of words which, taken together, mean something different from the individual words of the idiom when they stand alone ”[6, p.4].

However, it should be noted that in British and American linguistics is more popular “broad approach” to the problem of idioms. Western linguists include not only phraseological units of all types, but also paremias – proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, quotations, etc. Thus, Richard Spears in the preface to the Dictionary of American Idioms explains the selection of units for this edition as follows: “Every language has phrases or sentences that cannot be translated literally. Many clichés, proverbs, slang phrases, phrasal verbs, and common sayings offer this kind of problem. A phrase or sentence of this type is usually said to be idiomatic.

This Dictionary is a collection of the idiomatic phases and sentences that occur frequently in American English »[26, p.7]. That is, we see a significant expansion of the concept of “idiom” compared to the understanding of V. Vinogradov: because the composition of idioms include not only phrases but also sentences (sentences) of different nature: clichés, proverbs, slang phrases, speech stamps (common sayings), which are united by one common feature: their idiomaticity. Most of the other original dictionaries and reference books of English idioms are similarly compiled. The compiler of another popular dictionary of British English idioms, William Collins, notes: “When studying idioms, you are always faced with two main problems.

The first is the problem of origin. As Piercel Smith notes, even experts are not able to clearly and confidently explain the meaning of numerous idiomatic expressions. Second, there is the problem of the relationship between origin and current use. It is often necessary, studying the idiom, the existing meaning of which is clear and widely used correctly, to recognize that the relationship between origin and meaning is not known “[29, p.11]. In his preface to the dictionary of J. Seidl and W. McMordy “English idioms and how to use them” (1983) prof. Mednikova notes: “The word” idiom “is not unambiguous. It is also called a special phraseological unit that has pronounced stylistic features (actually idioms) and other types of phraseological units.

That is why Jennifer Seidl and W. McMordy, understanding the word idiom in the whole system of its meanings, included in the textbook everything that, in their opinion, can be considered specifically English and what you need to know those who study English as a foreign language. Soviet linguistics, which has achieved great success in its theoretical development, considers the problems of classification of phraseological units differently. Our speech, when we speak, is idiomatic in the sense that we use expressions and expressions characteristic of our language, which demonstrate in their syntactic and semantic structure its specificity “[22, p.5].

 

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